Regulations & official sources

The official sources of the regulations governing the crypto cards, exchanges and neobanks in the comparator. Links point to the legal text (EUR-Lex) or to the competent authority. For information only, not legal advice.

EU regulations & directives

MiCA Reg. (UE) 2023/1114
Markets in Crypto-Assets: CASP licensing, stablecoins (ART/EMT), issuer rules.
Travel Rule (TFR) Reg. (UE) 2023/1113
Information accompanying transfers of crypto-assets (anti-money-laundering).
AMLR Reg. (UE) 2024/1624
Single EU anti-money-laundering rulebook; obligations for obliged entities.
DORA Reg. (UE) 2022/2554
Digital operational resilience for the financial sector (ICT & third-party risk).
PSD2 Dir. (UE) 2015/2366
Payment services in the internal market: legal base for cards and EMIs.
EMD2 Dir. 2009/110/CE
Electronic money: licensing of electronic money institutions (EMIs).
GDPR Reg. (UE) 2016/679
Personal data protection; relevant to KYC and data retention.

European authorities

ESMA Securities & markets
European Securities and Markets Authority; MiCA technical standards.
EBA Banking
European Banking Authority; standards on stablecoins, AML and payments.
AMLA Anti-money laundering
EU Anti-Money Laundering Authority (Frankfurt), operational from 2025.

Italy

OAM Registro VASP
OAM: register of virtual-asset operators in Italy.
Banca d’Italia Vigilanza
Supervision of banks, EMIs and payment institutions; MiCA competent authority.
CONSOB Mercati
MiCA competent authority for market conduct and investor protection.
Agenzia delle Entrate Fiscalità cripto
Tax treatment of crypto-assets for Italian residents.

Key non-EU jurisdictions

FCA Regno Unito
Financial Conduct Authority: UK crypto registration and AML.
FinCEN Stati Uniti
Money Services Business and AML/Travel Rule obligations in the US.
MAS Singapore
Monetary Authority of Singapore: Payment Services Act token licensing.
VARA Dubai
Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority: Dubai’s crypto regime.

Missing a regulation or a broken link? Let us know.